هويتشى
مملكة الهويتشى | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 577–780s | |||||||||
 مملكة الهويتشي (بمقاطعاتها اللاحقة). غابة ويتشوود، التي كانت سابقاً أراضٍ للهويسي، من الواضح أنها فُقِدت قبل 679. | |||||||||
| العاصمة | ووستر | ||||||||
| الدين | الوثنية, المسيحية | ||||||||
| الحكومة | Monarchy | ||||||||
| الحقبة التاريخية | حكم السبعة | ||||||||
• تأسست | 577 | ||||||||
• الامتزاج في مرسيا | 780s | ||||||||
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شعب هويتشى ( Hwicce ؛ الإنجليزية القديمة: [ˈʍittʃe] ؛ وأحياناً يُكتب Hwicca أو Wiccia) هو واحد من شعوب الأنجلوسكسون في إنجلترا، وإن كان من المرجح أن يتزامن مع تلك القبيلة أبرشية ووستر، التي تأسست في 679-680. After 628, the kingdom became a client or sub-kingdom of Mercia as a result of the Battle of Cirencester.
The Tribal Hidage assessed Hwicce at 7,000 hides, an agricultural economy akin to either the kingdom of Essex or Sussex.
The exact boundaries of the kingdom remain uncertain, though it is likely that they coincided with those of the old Diocese of Worcester, founded in 679–680, the early bishops of which bore the title Episcopus Hwicciorum. The kingdom would therefore have included Worcestershire except the northwestern tip, Gloucestershire except the Forest of Dean, the southwestern half of Warwickshire, the neighbourhood of Bath north of the Avon, part of west Oxfordshire and small parts of Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire and north-west Wiltshire.[1][2]
التاريخ
The territory of the Hwicce may roughly have corresponded to the Roman civitas of the Dobunni.[3] The area appears to have remained largely British in the first century or so after Britain left the Roman Empire, but pagan burials and place names in its north-eastern sector suggest an inflow of Angles along the Warwickshire Avon and perhaps by other routes;[4] they may have exacted tribute from British rulers.[5]
According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, there was a Battle of Deorham in 577 in which the Gewisse (West Saxons) under Ceawlin killed three British kings and captured Gloucester, Cirencester and Bath. West Saxon occupation of the area did not last long,[بحاجة لمصدر] however, and may have ended as early as 584, the date (according to the Chronicle) of the battle of Fethanleag, in which Cutha was killed and Ceawlin returned home in anger; and certainly by 603 when, according to Bede, Saint Augustine held a conference with British bishops at Augustine's Oak on the border of the Hwicce and the West Saxons.
The Angles strengthened their influence over the area in 628, when (says the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle) the West Saxons fought (the Anglian) Penda of Mercia at Cirencester and afterwards came to terms. Penda had evidently won, but had probably forged an alliance with local leaders, since the former Dobunnic polity did not immediately become part of Mercia but instead became an allied or client kingdom of the Hwicce.
The Hwicce sub-kingdom included a number of distinct tribal groups, including the Husmerae, the Stoppingas and the Weorgoran.[6]
The first probable kings of whom we read were two brothers, Eanhere and Eanfrith. Bede notes that Queen Eafe "had been baptised in her own country, the kingdom of the Hwicce. She was the daughter of Eanfrith, Eanhere's brother, both of whom were Christians, as were their people."[7] From this, we deduce that Eanfrith and Eanhere were of the royal family and that theirs was a Christian kingdom.
It is likely that the Hwicce were converted to Christianity by Celtic Christians rather than by the mission from Pope Gregory I, since Bede was well informed on the latter yet does not mention the conversion of the Hwicce.[8] Though place-names show that Anglo-Saxon settlement was widespread in the territory, the limited spread of pagan burials, along with two eccles place-names that invariably identify Roman-British churches, suggests that Christianity survived the influx. There are also probable Christian burials beneath Worcester Cathedral and St Mary de Lode Church, Gloucester.[9] So it seems that incoming Anglo-Saxons were absorbed into the existing church. The ruling dynasty of the Hwicce were probably key figures in the process. Perhaps they sprang from intermarriage between Anglian and British leading families.
By a complex chain of reasoning, one can deduce that Eanhere married Osthryth, daughter of Oswiu of Northumbria, and had sons by her named Osric, Oswald and Oshere. Osthryth is recorded as the wife of Æthelred of Mercia. An earlier marriage to Eanhere would explain why Osric and Oswald are described as Æthelred's nepotes — usually meaning "nephews" or "grandsons" but here probably "stepsons".[10]
Osric was anxious for the Hwicce to gain their own bishop,[11] but it was Oshere whose influence was seen behind the creation of the see of Worcester in 679–680. Presumably Osric was dead by that time. Tatfrid of Whitby was chosen as the first bishop of the Hwicce, but he died before ordination and was replaced by Bosel.[12] A 12th-century chronicler of Worcester comments that Worcester was selected as the seat of the bishop because it was the capital of the Hwicce.[13]
Oshere was succeeded by his sons Æthelheard, Æthelweard and Æthelric. At the beginning of Offa's reign, we find the kingdom ruled by three brothers, named Eanberht, Uhtred and Aldred, the two last of whom lived until about 780. After them, the title of king seems to have been given up. Their successor Æthelmund, who was killed in a campaign against Wessex in 802, is described only as an earl.
The district remained in possession of the rulers of Mercia until the fall of that kingdom. Together with the rest of English Mercia, it submitted to King Alfred about 877–883 under Earl Æthelred, who possibly himself belonged to the Hwicce.
ملوك الهويتشى
No contemporary genealogy or list of kings has been preserved, so the following list has been compiled by historians from a variety of primary sources.[14] Some kings of the Hwicce seem to have reigned in tandem for all or part of their reign. This gives rise to an overlap in the dates of reigns given below. Please consult individual biographies for a discussion of the dating of these rulers.
An ealdorman was a high-ranking royal official and prior magistrate of an Anglo-Saxon shire. The term was rendered in Latin as dux, præfectus or comes.
| الاسم | التواريخ | الهوامش |
|---|---|---|
| 628 | مملكة هزمها پندا من مرسيا. | |
| الملوك | ||
| إيانهير | منتصف القرن 7 | |
| إيانفريث | منتصف القرن 7 | شقيق إيانهير. |
| اوسريك | نشط في عقد 670 | مدفون في كاتدرائية جلوستر. |
| اوشير | نشط في عقد 690 | شقيق اوسريك. توفي قبل 716. |
| إثلهيرد | نشط في 709 | ابن اوشير. Issued charter with Æthelweard. |
| إثلويرد | نشط في 709 | ابن اوشير. |
| إثلريك | نشط في 736 | ابن اوشير. |
| إيانبرت | نشط في عقد 750 | غير مسجل بعد 759. |
| اوترد | نشط في عقد 750- 779 | |
| إيلدرد | نشط في عقد 750- 778 | |
| 780s | اندماج الهويسي في مرسيا اكتمل. | |
| الحكماء | ||
| Æthelmund | c. 796-802 | Died in battle 802.[15] |
| ?Æthelric | fl. 804 | Son of Æthelmund. His will of 804 requests burial at Deerhurst.[16] |
| Leofwine | d.c.1023 | Father of Leofric, Earl of Mercia |
| Odda | d.1056 | Built Odda's Chapel at Deerhurst for the soul of his brother Ælfric.[17] Buried at Pershore.[18] The area of his jurisdiction probably did not include the Hwicce.[19] |
الهامش
- ^ Della Hooke, The Kingdom of the Hwicce (1985), pp.12-13
- ^ Stephen Yeates, The Tribe of Witches (2008), pp.1-8
- ^ J. Manco, Dobunni to Hwicce, Bath History, vol. 7 (1998).
- ^ D.Hooke, The Anglo-Saxon Landscape: The Kingdom of the Hwicce (Manchester, 1985), pp.8–10; Sims-Williams, 'St Wilfred and two charters dated AD 676 and 680', Journal of Ecclesiastical History, Vol. 39, part 2 (1988), p.169.
- ^ N.Higham, The English Conquest: Gildas and Britain in the fifth century (Manchester, 1994), chaps. 2, 5.
- ^ David P. Kirby, The earliest English Kings (Routledge, 1990, 2000)
- ^ Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English People ed. J.McClure and R.Collins (Oxford, 1994), p.193.
- ^ J. Manco, Saxon Bath: The Legacy of Rome and the Saxon Rebirth, Bath History, vol. 7 (1998).
- ^ C. Thomas, Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500 (1981), pp.253–71; Hooke, p.10; C. Heighway, 'Saxon Gloucester' in J. Haslam ed., Anglo-Saxon Towns in Southern England (Chichester, 1984), p.375.
- ^ John Leland, Collectanea, vol. 1, p. 240.
- ^ Charter S 51, MS Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, 111, pp. 59-60 (s. xii2)S51
- ^ Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, ed. J. McClure and R. Collins (1994), p. 212; Chronicle of John of Worcester ed. and trans. R.R. Darlington, J. Bray and P. McGurk (Oxford 1995), 136–8.
- ^ "The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester" in The Church Historians of England ed. and trans. J. Stevenson, vol. 2, p.379.
- ^ The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England, ed. M. Lapidge (Blackwell 1999), 507.
- ^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
- ^ Charter S 1187, 1. BL Cotton Nero E. i, pt 2, 181v (s. xi; short version) 2. BL Cotton Tib. A. xiii, 49r-50r (s. xi1) 3. BL Cotton Tib. A. xiii, 198v-199v (s. xi2)S1187
- ^ Inscription on the chapel: "Earl Odda had this Royal Hall built and dedicated in honour of the Holy Trinity for the soul of his brother, Aelfric, which left the body in this place. Bishop Ealdred dedicated it the second of the Ides of April in the fourteenth year of the reign of Edward, King of the English."
- ^ Victoria County History of Worcestershire, Vol.2, p.128.
- ^ See Earl Odda
للاستزادة
Della Hooke, The Anglo-Saxon Landscape: The Kingdom of the Hwicce (1985).
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