قالب:P-phrases

Template documentation[view] [edit] [history] [purge]

The templates {{GHS phrases}} (talk) (/tests), {{H-phrases}} and {{P-phrases}} all format and present GHS hazard and precaution statements as defined by the UN.

The template requires one or more phrase codes as input:

• {{GHS phrases|H220|H230}} → H220, H230
• {{H-phrases|H220|H230}} → H220, H230
• {{P-phrases| P220 | P230}} → P220, P230
• {{H-phrases|H302 + 312}} → H302+H312 -- (Predefined combination, recognised)

Pages with errors or warnings show a Preview message. Articles are then listed in Category:GHS errors (2), Category:GHS warnings (9).

 Usage

While one can use {{GHS phrases}} stand-alone in text, more common use is in {{Chembox}}, section Chembox Hazards:

DDT GHS phrases

المخاطر
ن.م.ع. عبارات المخاطر	H301, H351, H372, H410
ن.م.ع. العبارات الاحتياطية	P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P273, P281, P301+P310, P308+P313, P314, P321, P330, P391, P405, P501

{{Chembox
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
| HPhrases = {{H-phrases|H301|H351|H372|H410}}
| PPhrases = {{P-phrases|P201|P202|P260|P264|P270|P273|P281|P301+P310|P308+P313|P314|P321|P330|P391|P405|P501}}
}}
}}

 Synonyms: {{HPhrases}}

For ease of working in {{Chembox}}, the templates have synonyms (redirects) same as the Chembox parameter name:

|Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards
|HPhrases={{HPhrases|H300}}
|PPhrases={{PPhrases|P300}}
 }}

 Parameters

• The number of phrase code one can enter is practically unlimited. The codes are ordered alphanumeric.

Best practice: add prefix H or P to the number: |H220, not |220.

One template call can only show one prefix set. That is, H- and P-phrases cannot be mixed.

• |setid= (H or P) can be set to prevent ambiguity in generic {{GHS phrases}}.

For backward compatability, the code prefix "H" or "P" is not required. So {{H-phrases|220}} equals {{H-phrases|H220}} → H220. However. Since {{GHS phrases}} covers both H and P, adding the prefix is better.

 Code checks added

 Omit Rules

• {{GHS phrases/list omit rules}}

|omit=true (default)

• {{GHS phrases|H314|H318}} → H314

 Remove Doubles

Repeated phrase codes are removed (hidden):

• {{GHS phrases|H400|H401|H401|H401}} → H400, H401

 Other functions

• {{GHS phrases/inline}} -- inline, with full phrase text
• {{GHS phrases/list_all}} -- table, by |setid=H, P
• {{GHS phrases/number of phrases}} -- by |setid=H, P
• {{GHS phrases/list omit rules}} -- table, documentation
• |list= -- See § List options

 List options

• Using |list=, {{GHS phrases}} can be presented in various list formats:

|list=abbr, inline, bulleted, unbulleted, horizontal, ordered, horizontal_ordered

|listtype=abbr (default)

P201, P302+P334, P502

|listtype=inline

P201: "Obtain special instructions before use.", P302+P334: "IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water or wrap in wet bandages.", P502: "Refer to manufacturer or supplier for information on recovery or recycling."

|listtype=bulleted

• P201: Obtain special instructions before use.
• P302+P334: IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water or wrap in wet bandages.
• P502: Refer to manufacturer or supplier for information on recovery or recycling.

|listtype=unbulleted

• P201: Obtain special instructions before use.
• P302+P334: IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water or wrap in wet bandages.
• P502: Refer to manufacturer or supplier for information on recovery or recycling.

|listtype=horizontal

• P201: Obtain special instructions before use.
• P302+P334: IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water or wrap in wet bandages.
• P502: Refer to manufacturer or supplier for information on recovery or recycling.

|listtype=ordered

1. P201: Obtain special instructions before use.
2. P302+P334: IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water or wrap in wet bandages.
3. P502: Refer to manufacturer or supplier for information on recovery or recycling.

|listtype=horizontal_ordered

1. P201: Obtain special instructions before use.
2. P302+P334: IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water or wrap in wet bandages.
3. P502: Refer to manufacturer or supplier for information on recovery or recycling.

• Except for abbr, inline, these list formats are defined in Module:List

 Errors and warnings

Phrase codes that are unknown get an inline marker like ^[?], give a warning in preview and are categorised in تصنيف:GHS errors when in article space.

For example (One can see the warning when previewing this page or section):

• {{H-phrases|H220|H999}} → H220, H999

 Templates

 H-phrases

{{H-phrases|H200|H241}} → H200, H241

{{H-phrases|H302+H312}} → H302+H312

GHS H-phrases (110)
Code	Phrase
H200	Unstable explosive
H201	Explosive: mass explosion hazard
H202	Explosive: severe projection hazard
H203	Explosive: fire, blast or projection hazard
H204	Fire or projection hazard
H205	May mass explode in fire
H206	Fire, blast or projection hazard: increased risk of explosion if desensitizing agent is reduced
H207	Fire or projection hazard; increased risk of explosion if desensitizing agent is reduced
H208	Fire hazard; increased risk of explosion if desensitizing agent is reduced
H209	Explosive
H210	Very explosive
H211	May be sensitive
H220	Extremely flammable gas
H221	Flammable gas
H222	Extremely flammable material
H223	Flammable material
H224	Extremely flammable liquid and vapour
H225	Highly flammable liquid and vapour
H226	Flammable liquid and vapour
H227	Combustible liquid
H228	Flammable solid
H230	May react explosively even in the absence of air
H231	May react explosively even in the absence of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature
H240	Heating may cause an explosion
H241	Heating may cause a fire or explosion
H242	Heating may cause a fire
H250	Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air
H251	Self-heating: may catch fire
H252	Self-heating in large quantities: may catch fire
H260	In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously
H261	In contact with water releases flammable gas
H270	May cause or intensify fire: oxidizer
H271	May cause fire or explosion: strong oxidizer
H272	May intensify fire: oxidizer
H280	Contains gas under pressure: may explode if heated
H281	Contains refrigerated gas: may cause cryogenic burns or injury
H282	Extremely flammable chemical under pressure: May explode if heated
H283	Flammable chemical under pressure: May explode if heated
H284	Chemical under pressure: May explode if heated
H290	May be corrosive to metals
H300	Fatal if swallowed
H300+H310	Fatal if swallowed or in contact with skin
H300+H310+H330	Fatal if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled
H300+H330	Fatal if swallowed or if inhaled
H301	Toxic if swallowed
H301+H311	Toxic if swallowed or in contact with skin
H301+H311+H331	Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled
H301+H331	Toxic if swallowed or if inhaled
H302	Harmful if swallowed
H302+H312	Harmful if swallowed or in contact with skin
H302+H312+H332	Harmful if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled
H302+H332	Harmful if swallowed or inhaled
H303	May be harmful if swallowed
H303+H313	May be harmful if swallowed or in contact with skin
H303+H313+H333	May be harmful if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled
H303+H333	May be harmful if swallowed or if inhaled
H304	May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways
H305	May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways
H310	Fatal in contact with skin
H310+H330	Fatal in contact with skin or if inhaled
H311	Toxic in contact with skin
H311+H331	Toxic in contact with skin or if inhaled
H312	Harmful in contact with skin
H312+H332	Harmful in contact with skin or if inhaled
H313	May be harmful in contact with skin
H313+H333	May be harmful in contact with skin or if inhaled
H314	Causes severe skin burns and eye damage
H315	Causes skin irritation
H315+H320	Causes skin and eye irritation
H316	Causes mild skin irritation
H317	May cause an allergic skin reaction
H318	Causes serious eye damage
H319	Causes serious eye irritation
H320	Causes eye irritation
H330	Fatal if inhaled
H331	Toxic if inhaled
H332	Harmful if inhaled
H333	May be harmful if inhaled
H334	May cause allergy or asthma symptoms of breathing difficulties if inhaled
H335	May cause respiratory irritation
H336	May cause drowsiness or dizziness
H340	May cause genetic defects
H341	Suspected of causing genetic defects
H350	May cause cancer
H350i	May cause cancer by inhalation
H351	Suspected of causing cancer
H360	May damage fertility or the unborn child
H360D	May damage the unborn child
H360Df	May damage the unborn child. Suspected of damaging fertility.
H360F	May damage fertility
H360FD	May damage fertility. May damage the unborn child.
H360Fd	May damage fertility. Suspected of damaging the unborn child.
H361	Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child
H361d	Suspected of damaging the unborn child
H361f	Suspected of damaging fertility
H361fd	Suspected of damaging fertility. Suspected of damaging the unborn child.
H362	May cause harm to breast-fed children
H370	Causes damage to organs
H371	May cause damage to organs
H372	Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure
H373	May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure
H400	Very toxic to aquatic life
H401	Toxic to aquatic life
H402	Harmful to aquatic life
H410	Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects
H411	Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects
H412	Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects
H413	May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life
H420	Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere
H441	Very toxic to terrestrial invertebrates

 P-phrases

{{P-phrases|P101|P263}} → P101, P263

{{P-phrases|P306+P360}} → P306+P360

GHS P-phrases (160)
Code	Phrase
P102	Keep out of reach of children.
P103	Read label before use.
P201	Obtain special instructions before use.
P202	Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood.
P210	Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking.
P211	Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source.
P212	Avoid heating under confinement or reduction of the desensitized agent.
P220	Keep/Store away from clothing/.../combustible materials.
P221	Take any precaution to avoid mixing with combustibles.
P222	Do not allow contact with air.
P223	Do not allow contact with water.
P230	Keep wetted with ...
P231	Handle and store contents under inert gas/...
P231+P232	Handle and store contents under inert gas. Protect from moisture
P232	Protect from moisture.
P233	Keep container tightly closed.
P234	Keep only in original container/packaging.
P235	Keep cool.
P235+P410	Keep cool. Protect from sunlight.
P240	Ground and bond container and receiving equipment.
P241	Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/light/.../equipment.
P242	Use only non-sparking tools.
P243	Take action to prevent static discharges.
P244	Keep valves and fittings free from grease and oil
P250	Do not subject to grinding/shock/.../friction.
P251	Pressurized container – Do not pierce or burn, even after use.
P260	Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P261	Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.
P262	Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing.
P263	Avoid contact during pregnancy and while nursing.
P264	Wash ... thoroughly after handling.
P270	Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.
P271	Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.
P272	Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace.
P273	Avoid release to the environment.
P280	Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.
P281	Use personal protective equipment as required.
P282	Wear cold insulating gloves and either face shield or eye protection.
P283	Wear fire resistant or flame retardant clothing.
P284	Wear respiratory protection.
P285	In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory protection.
P301	IF SWALLOWED:
P301+P310	IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P301+P310+P330	IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. Rinse mouth.
P301+P312	IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P301+P312+P330	IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. Rinse mouth.
P301+P330+P331	IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.
P302	IF ON SKIN:
P302+P312	IF ON SKIN: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P302+P334	IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water or wrap in wet bandages.
P302+P335+P334	IF ON SKIN: Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in cool water or wrap in wet bandages.
P302+P350	IF ON SKIN: Gently wash with soap and water.
P302+P352	IF ON SKIN: Wash with soap and water.
P302+P352+P312	IF ON SKIN: Wash with soap and water. Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P302+P353	IF ON SKIN: Rinse skin with water [or shower].
P303	IF ON SKIN (or hair):
P303+P361+P353	IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water [or shower].
P303+P361+P353+P315	IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water [or shower]. Get immediate medical advice/attention.
P304	IF INHALED:
P304+P312	IF INHALED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P304+P340	IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P304+P340+P310	IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P304+P340+P311	IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P304+P340+P312	IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P304+P340+P315	IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Get immediate medical advice/attention.
P304+P341	IF INHALED: If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P305	IF IN EYES:
P305+P351+P338	IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P305+P351+P338+P310	IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P305+P351+P338+P315	IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. Get immediate medical advice/attention.
P306	IF ON CLOTHING:
P306+P360	IF ON CLOTHING: Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of water before removing clothes.
P307	IF exposed:
P307+P311	IF exposed: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P308	IF exposed or concerned:
P308+P310	IF exposed or concerned: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P308+P311	IF exposed or concerned: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P308+P313	IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention.
P309	IF exposed or you feel unwell:
P309+P311	IF exposed or you feel unwell: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P310	Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P311	Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P312	Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.
P313	Get medical advice/attention.
P314	Get Medical advice/attention if you feel unwell.
P315	Get immediate medical advice/attention.
P320	Specific treatment is urgent (see ... on this label).
P321	Specific treatment (see ... on this label).
P322	Specific measures (see ... on this label).
P330	Rinse mouth.
P331	Do NOT induce vomiting.
P332	If skin irritation occurs:
P332+P313	If skin irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention.
P333	If skin irritation or a rash occurs:
P333+P313	If skin irritation or a rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention.
P334	Immerse in cool water [or wrap in wet bandages].
P335	Brush off loose particles from skin.
P335+P334	Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages.
P336	Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do not rub affected areas.
P336+P315	Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do not rub affected area. Get immediate medical advice/attention.
P337	If eye irritation persists:
P337+P313	Get medical advice/attention.
P338	Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P340	Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P341	If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
P342	If experiencing respiratory symptoms:
P342+P311	If experiencing respiratory symptoms: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.
P350	Gently wash with soap and water.
P351	Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
P352	Wash with plenty of water.
P353	Rinse skin with water [or shower].
P360	Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of water before removing clothes.
P361	Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
P361+P364	Take off immediately all contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse.
P362	Take off contaminated clothing.
P362+P364	Take off contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse.
P363	Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.
P364	And wash it before reuse.
P370	In case of fire:
P370+P372+P380+P373	In case of fire: Explosion risk. Evacuate area. DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives.
P370+P376	In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to do so.
P370+P378	In case of fire: Use ... to extinguish.
P370+P380	In case of fire: Evacuate area.
P370+P380+P375	In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
P370+P380+P375+P378	In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion. Use ... to extinguish.
P371	In case of major fire and large quantities:
P371+P380+P375	In case of major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
P372	Explosion risk.
P373	DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives.
P374	Fight fire with normal precautions from a reasonable distance.
P375	Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion.
P376	Stop leak if safe to do so.
P377	Leaking gas fire – do not extinguish unless leak can be stopped safely.
P378	Use ... to extinguish.
P380	Evacuate area.
P381	In case of leakage, eliminate all ignition sources.
P390	Absorb spillage to prevent material damage.
P391	Collect spillage.
P401	Store in accordance with ...
P402	Store in a dry place.
P402+P404	Store in a dry place. Store in a closed container.
P403	Store in a well ventilated place.
P403+P233	Store in a well ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.
P403+P235	Store in a well ventilated place. Keep cool.
P404	Store in a closed container.
P405	Store locked up.
P406	Store in a corrosive resistant/... container with a resistant inner liner.
P407	Maintain air gap between stacks or pallets.
P410	Protect from sunlight.
P410+P403	Protect from sunlight. Store in a well ventilated place.
P410+P412	Protect from sunlight. Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 ºC/122 ºF.
P411	Store at temperatures not exceeding ... ºC/... ºF.
P411+P235	Store at temperatures not exceeding ... ºC/... ºF. Keep cool.
P412	Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 ºC/122 ºF.
P413	Store bulk masses greater than ... kg/... lbs at temperatures not exceeding ... °C/... °F.
P420	Store separately/away from other materials.
P422	Store contents under ...
P501	Dispose of contents/container to ...
P502	Refer to manufacturer or supplier for information on recovery or recycling.

 GHS phrases

• {{GHS phrases|H220}} → H220
• {{GHS phrases|P220}} → P220

 GHS inline

• {{GHS inline}} lists the phrases inline, to be used in regular sentences.

{{GHS inline|H220|H401}} → H220: "Extremely flammable gas", H401: "Toxic to aquatic life"

{{GHS inline|P220|P501}} → P220: "Keep/Store away from clothing/.../combustible materials.", P501: "Dispose of contents/container to ..."

See also § List options.

 Errors and warnings

Unknown phrase code

• {{GHS phrases|H220|H999}} → H220, H999

Set id missing

Set id is entered as |setid=<H, P>, (default in {{H-phrases}}, {{P-phrases}}), or when |setid= is absent, is sought in the code list entered: H from {{GHS phrases|310|H341}} → H310, H341

• {{GHS phrases|321|310|H341}} → H310, H321, H341

Could not find a set id

• {{GHS phrases|302+312}} → -- (missing prefix H/P may leave undecided results (ambiguity))

 Overview

Some settings are available to present an overview of the phrases. They are article-ready.

 Number of phrases

• {{GHS phrases/number of phrases|setid=P}} → GHS P-phrases (160)
• {{GHS phrases/number of phrases|setid=H}} → GHS H-phrases (110)

 Complete list (table)

• {{GHS phrases/list_all}} returns a wikitable that lists all available phrase codes per prefix.

|setid=H, P. Required.

|title= Optional. Default is: see § Number of phrases.

|state=collapsed Optional. Default is: uncollapsed.

 Tracking

Help/documentation page: Template:GHS phrases

Category:GHS errors (2)

Category:GHS warnings (9)

 Template data

Template Data

Formats and presents predefined GHS hazard statements. وسائط القالب وسيط وصف نوع حالة 1 1 Phrase code مثال H220, P431 نص مقترح 2 2 دون وصف غير معروف اختياري 3 3 دون وصف غير معروف اختياري 4 4 دون وصف غير معروف اختياري 5 5 دون وصف غير معروف اختياري 6 6 دون وصف غير معروف اختياري 7 7 دون وصف غير معروف اختياري 8 8 دون وصف غير معروف اختياري 9 9 دون وصف غير معروف اختياري 10 10 دون وصف غير معروف اختياري set ID setid Defined plain numbers to be "H" or "P"; better add prefix to number: "H220" القيم المقترحة H, P نص اختياري Omit Rules omit Apply Omit Rules like "omit (remove) P203 when P103 is present" غيابي true مثال yes بولياني اختياري List type listtype List format of the result القيم المقترحة abbr, inline, bulleted, unbulleted, horizontal, ordered, horizontal ordered غيابي abbr مثال listtype=bulleted نص اختياري

 See also

• Main Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals

 Development

 Errors and warnings (newdoc)

Errors

All errors show a preview-message in Preview.

Categorisation is in Category:GHS errors (2), articles only (mainspace).

• |setid=H, P, <blank> missing
• |setid=XYZ not recognised

When entered: in {{GHS phrases}}, a setid check is enforced. Is present by default in {{H-phrases}} etc.

When setid is missing, any first setid in the codes-list is used. So |310 |3220 |H333 → H.

This also occurs when setid=H and a P-phrase is entered.

In certain listings, like {{GHS phrases/list all}}, a blank setid returns the full list (all H- and P-phrases). No error.

Catsort: H, P,

• Phase codes that are not in the list (like |H999) generate an error → error

• Parameter unknown |foo=: catsort under U

Warnings

All warnings show a preview-message in Preview.

Categorisation in Category:GHS warnings (9), articles only (mainspace).

• When § Omit Rules is applied, a warning is made mentioning the two involved phrase codes. Catsort=O
• When § Redundancy is present, a warning is made mentioning the involved phrase code. Catsort=D

 dev links

Subtempaltes

• {{GHS phrases/list all}}
• {{GHS phrases/inline}}
• {{GHS phrases/number of phrases}}
• {{GHS phrases/list omit rules}} -- documentation
• {{GHS2021}} -- {{Cite web}}

Source: "Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals" (pdf). 2021. Annex 3: Codification of Statements and Pictograms (pp 268–385).

Chembox

Definition of phrases

• Module:GHS phrases/data
• de:Vorlage:H-Sätze, de:Vorlage:P-Sätze

 Developments

• {{Chembox}} (talk), {{Chembox Hazards}}, /full parameter list

Category:Category:Chembox templates (0)

Category:Chembox tracking categories (0)

• {{EUH-phrases}};

| GHSPictograms = 
| GHSSignalWord = 
| HPhrases      = {{HPhrases|}}
| PPhrases      = {{PPhrases|}}
| GHS_ref       = 

 المراجع

هذه المراجع ستظهر في المقال، ولكن هذه القائمة تظهر فقط في هذه الصفحة.