الإسكندرية في القوقاز

Coordinates: 34°59′45″N 69°18′39″E / 34.99583°N 69.31083°E / 34.99583; 69.31083
للاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر Alexandria (disambiguation)
Alexandria in the Caucasus
Αλεξάνδρεια
Menander coin collected by Charles Masson.jpg
Menander I coin
الإسكندرية في القوقاز is located in أفغانستان
الإسكندرية في القوقاز
كما يظهر في أفغانستان
المكانAfghanistan
المنطقةParwan Province
الإحداثيات34°59′45″N 69°18′39″E / 34.99583°N 69.31083°E / 34.99583; 69.31083
النوعSettlement
التاريخ
البانيAlexander the Great

الإسكندرية في القوقاز (Alexandria in the Caucasus ؛ Ancient Greek: Ἀλεξάνδρεια ألكساندريا Alexándreia؛ كاپيسا القروسطية، باگرام الحالية) كانت مستعمرة الإسكندر الأكبر. وكانت واحدة من عدة مستعمرات حملت اسم "الإسكندرية". وقد أسس المستعمرة عند عقدة طرق هامة في السفوح الجنوبية لجبال هندوكوش، في بلد Paropamisadae.[1]

In Classical times, the Hindu Kush mountains were also designated as the "Caucasus", specifically as "Caucasus Indicus" (Ancient Greek: Καύκασος Ινδικός)[2][3] in parallel to their Western equivalent, the Caucasus Mountains between Europe and Asia.

الإسكندر الأكبر

Ancient cities founded by Alexander the Great in Central and South Asia

Alexander populated the city with 7,000 Macedonians, 3,000 mercenaries and thousands of natives (according to Curtius VII.3.23), or some 7,000 natives and 3,000 non-military camp followers and a number of Greek mercenaries (Diodorus, XVII.83.2), in March 329 BC. He had also built forts in what is now Bagram, Afghanistan, at the foot of the Hindu Kush, replacing forts erected in much the same place by Persia's king Cyrus the Great c. 500 BC, Alexandria being in fact a refoundation of an Achaemenid settlement called Kapisa.[3]

The deity of the city seems to have been Zeus, as suggested by coins of the Greco-Bactrian king Eucratides.[4]

العاصمة الهندو-يونانية

Alexandria of the Caucasus was one of the capitals of the Indo-Greek kings (180 BC – AD 10).[4] For example, it was ruled by the king Hermaeus who is particularly associated with the city.

During the reign of Menander I the city was recorded as having a thriving Buddhist community, headed by Greek monks. The epic Sri Lankan poem Mahāvaṃsa mentions the Greek (Pali: Yona, lit: "Ionian") Buddhist monk Mahadhammarakkhita (سنسكريتية: Mahadharmaraksita), who is said to have come from “Alasandra” (thought to be Alexandria of the Caucasus), with 30,000 monks for the foundation ceremony of the Maha Thupa at Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka:

From Alasanda the city of the Yonas came the thera (elder) Yona Mahadhammarakkhita with thirty thousand bhikkhus.[5]

الآثار

Some archaeological evidence concerning Alexandria of the Caucasus was gathered by Charles Masson (1800–1853), providing insight into the history of that lost city.[6] His findings include coins, rings, seals and other small objects. In the 1930s Roman Ghirshman, while conducting excavations near Bagram, found Egyptian and Syrian glassware, bronze statuettes, bowls, the Begram ivories and other objects including statues.[7] This is an indication that Alexander's conquests opened India to imports from the west.

Today the cities' remains feature a rectangular tell 500 by 200 metres in area and a nearby circular citadel about 3km northeast of Bagram Airforce base. The tell lies beside the main road north and has been slightly damaged due to shelling during Afghan War of the 21st century.

معرض

  • Begram medallion showing a young man wearing a chlamys; c. 1st century AD.

    Begram medallion showing a young man wearing a chlamys; c. 1st century AD.

  • Begram medallion depicting a Greek soldier wearing a Corinthian helmet; c. 1st century AD.

    Begram medallion depicting a Greek soldier wearing a Corinthian helmet; c. 1st century AD.

  • Bronze statuette of Alexander the Great, from Begram.

    Bronze statuette of Alexander the Great, from Begram.

  • Aphrodite sculpture from Begram, c. 1st century AD, Plaster, National Museum of Afghanistan.

    Aphrodite sculpture from Begram, c. 1st century AD, Plaster, National Museum of Afghanistan.

  • Bronze statuette of Harpocrates from Begram, 1-2nd century AD. Musée Guimet, Paris.

    Bronze statuette of Harpocrates from Begram, 1-2nd century AD. Musée Guimet, Paris.

  • Begram medallion with Eros and Psyche; c. 1st century AD.

    Begram medallion with Eros and Psyche; c. 1st century AD.

  • Begram medallion, c. 1st century AD.

    Begram medallion, c. 1st century AD.

للاستزادة

  • Edmund Richardson: Alexandria: The Quest for the Lost City (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2021). ISBN 978-1526603784

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ Curtius Rufus, Quintus (2007). The life and death of Alexander the Great, King of Macedon in ten books. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Text Creation Partnership. p. 281.
  2. ^ "Alexander in the Hindu Kush - Livius". www.livius.org (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2018-11-02.
  3. ^ أ ب "Alexandria in the Caucasus (Begram) - Livius". www.livius.org (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2018-11-02.
  4. ^ أ ب Tarn, William Woodthorpe (1966), "Alexandria of the Caucasus and Kapisa" (in en), The Greeks in Bactria and India, Cambridge University Press, pp. 460–462, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511707353.019, ISBN 9780511707353 
  5. ^ "THE MAHAVAMSA » 29: Beginning of the Great Thupa". mahavamsa.org. 8 October 2011. Retrieved 2018-11-02.
  6. ^ Richardson, E. (2012-07-25). "Mr Masson and the lost cities: a Victorian journey to the edges of remembrance" (PDF). Classical Receptions Journal (in الإنجليزية). 5 (1): 84–105. doi:10.1093/crj/cls008. ISSN 1759-5134.
  7. ^ Francine, Tissot (2006-12-31). Catalogue of the National Museum of Afghanistan, 1931-1985 (in الإنجليزية). Paris, France: UNESCO Publishing. p. 354. ISBN 9789231040306.

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