مبدل

المبدّل Transducer في الكهرباء هو دائرة كهربائية أو دارة إلكترونية لتبديل الإشارات الكهربائية أو الكهرومغناطيسية signal إلى نوع أخر.^[1]^[2] فالمبدلات كثيراً ما تُستخدم على حدود الأتمتة، أجهزة القياس وأنظمة التحكم، حيث تُحوِّل الإشارات الكهربائية إلى ومن كميات طبيعية أخرى (طاقة، قوة، عزم، ضوء، حركة، موقع، إلخ.). عملية تحويل شكل من أشكال الطاقة إلى شكل آخر تُعرَف بإسم تبديل transduction.^[3] فمثلاً، مكبر الصوت يبدل الإشارات الكهربائية إلى صوت . أو المصدح (الميكروفون ) يقوم بتبديل الصوت إلى إشارات كهربائية.

أنواع مبدلات

Mechanical transducer

مبدلات كهروحرارية :
- [[مقياس حرارة كهربيResistance temperature detector
- Thermocouple
- Thermistor )

Transducers are used in electronic communications systems to convert signals of various physical forms to electronic signals, and vice versa. In this example, the first transducer could be a microphone, and the second transducer could be a speaker.

Antennae – converts propagating electromagnetic waves to and from conducted electrical signals
magnetic cartridges – converts relative physical motion to and from electrical signals
Tape head, disk read-and-write heads – converts magnetic fields on a magnetic medium to and from electrical signals
Hall effect sensors – converts a magnetic field level into an electrical signal
Pickup (music technology) – movement of metal strings induces an electrical signal (AC voltage)

Electromechanical input feeds meters and sensors, while electromechanical output devices are generically called actuators):

Loudspeakers, earphones – converts electrical signals into sound (amplified signal → magnetic field → motion → air pressure)
Microphones – converts sound into an electrical signal (air pressure → motion of conductor/coil → magnetic field → electrical signal)^[3]
Tactile transducers – converts electrical signal into vibration ( electrical signal → vibration)
Thermophones – converts electrical signals into temperature fluctuations, which become sound (electrical signal → periodic heating of a thin conductor → temperature waves → sound waves)
Piezoelectric crystals – converts deformations of solid-state crystals (vibrations) to and from electrical signals
Geophones – converts a ground movement (displacement) into voltage (vibrations → motion of conductor/coil → magnetic field → signal)
Gramophone pickups – (air pressure → motion → magnetic field → electrical signal)
Hydrophones – converts changes in water pressure into an electrical signal
Sonar transponders (water pressure → motion of conductor/coil → magnetic field → electrical signal)
Ultrasonic transceivers, transmitting ultrasound (transduced from electricity) as well as receiving it after sound reflection from target objects, availing for imaging of those objects

Also known as photoelectric:

Fluorescent lamps – converts electrical power into incoherent light
Incandescent lamps – converts electrical power into incoherent light
Light-emitting diodes – converts electrical power into incoherent light
Laser diodes – converts electrical power into coherent light
Photodiodes, photoresistors, phototransistors, photomultipliers – converts changing light levels into electrical signals
Photodetector or photoresistor or light dependent resistor (LDR) – converts changes in light levels into changes in electrical resistance
Cathode-ray tubes (CRT) – converts electrical signals into visual signals

Resistance temperature detectors (RTD) – converts temperature into an electrical resistance signal
Thermocouples – converts relative temperatures of metallic junctions to electrical voltage
Thermistors (includes PTC resistor and NTC resistor)

Geiger-Müller tubes – converts incident ionizing radiation to an electrical impulse signal
Radio receivers converts electromagnetic transmissions to electrical signals.
Radio transmitters converts electrical signals to electromagnetic transmissions.

^ Stonier, Tom (2012). Information and the Internal Structure of the Universe: An Exploration into Information Physics. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 96–98. ISBN 9781447132653.
^ Agarwal, Anant; Lang, Jeffrey H. (2005). Foundations of analog and digital electronic circuits. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 43. ISBN 9780080506814.
^ ^أ ^ب Winer, Ethan (2013). "Part 3". Plasma Speaker. New York and London: Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-240-82100-9.

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